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May 2000 - Prostitution is often called the world's oldest profession, yet economists almost never study it. The practice of safe sex by commercial sex workers is considered central to preventing the transmission of AIDS in developing countries - yet sex workers in Calcutta who regularly use condoms suffer a 79 percent loss in their average earnings per sex act. The practice of safe sex by commercial sex workers is considered central to preventing the transmission of AIDS in developing countries. Rao, Gupta, and Jana estimate the compensating differential for condom use among sex workers in Calcutta, based on results from a survey conducted in 1993. If, as suggested by anecdotal evidence, this loss in income is large, it would indicate the existence of strong disincentives for practicing safe sex. To identify the relationship between condom use and the average price per sex act, they follow an instrumental variable approach, exploiting an intervention program focused on providing information about the AIDS virus and about safe sex practices. The program, instituted in 1992, was not systematically administered. Using this method, they found that sex workers who always use condoms face a loss of 79 percent in the average earnings per sex act. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the behavior underlying HIV/AIDS transmission. Vijayendra Rao may be contacted at vrao@worldbank.org.

Adolescent Health --- Aids --- Aids Crisis --- AIDS HIV --- Commercial Sex --- Commercial Sex Workers --- Condom Use --- Condoms --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health Services --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Heterosexual Sex --- High Risk Of Infection --- High-Risk --- Infections --- National Aids Control --- Population Policies --- Risk Behavior --- Safe Sex --- Sex --- Sex Partners --- Sex Practices --- Sex Workers --- Sexual Partners --- Young Adults

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In this gripping memoir of the AIDS years (1981-1996), Sarah Schulman recalls how much of the rebellious queer culture, cheap rents, and a vibrant downtown arts movement vanished almost overnight to be replaced by gay conservative spokespeople and mainstream consumerism. Schulman takes us back to her Lower East Side and brings it to life, filling these pages with vivid memories of her avant-garde queer friends and dramatically recreating the early years of the AIDS crisis as experienced by a political insider. Interweaving personal reminiscence with cogent analysis, Schulman details her experience as a witness to the loss of a generation's imagination and the consequences of that loss.

AIDS (Disease) --- Gentrification --- Urban renewal --- Urbanization --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- HIV infections --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Social aspects. --- Social aspects --- AIDS (Disease) - Social aspects --- AIDS (Disease) - United States --- Gentrification - United States --- Urban renewal - United States --- Urbanization - United States --- aids crisis. --- aids tragedy. --- autobiography. --- biography. --- cogent analysis. --- consequence of loss. --- ethnography. --- gay rights. --- lgbt activism. --- lgbt history. --- lgbt memoir. --- lower east side. --- political awareness. --- political insider. --- queer culture. --- social activism. --- vibrant arts movement.

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In this book, France's leading medical anthropologist takes on one of the most tragic stories of the global AIDS crisis-the failure of the ANC government to stem the tide of the AIDS epidemic in South Africa. Didier Fassin traces the deep roots of the AIDS crisis to apartheid and, before that, to the colonial period. One person in ten is infected with HIV in South Africa, and President Thabo Mbeki has initiated a global controversy by funding questionable medical research, casting doubt on the benefits of preventing mother-to-child transmission, and embracing dissidents who challenge the viral theory of AIDS. Fassin contextualizes Mbeki's position by sensitively exploring issues of race and genocide that surround this controversy. Basing his discussion on vivid ethnographical data collected in the townships of Johannesburg, he passionately demonstrates that the unprecedented epidemiological crisis in South Africa is a demographic catastrophe as well as a human tragedy, one that cannot be understood without reference to the social history of the country, in particular to institutionalized racial inequality as the fundamental principle of government during the past century.

AIDS (Disease) --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- HIV infections --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Social aspects --- Political aspects --- Government policy --- #SBIB:39A73 --- #SBIB:39A9 --- Etnografie: Afrika --- Medische antropologie / gezondheid / handicaps --- Sociology of health --- Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- Infectious diseases. Communicable diseases --- South Africa --- Sida --- Aspect social --- Aspect politique --- Politique gouvernementale --- aids epidemic. --- aids. --- anc government. --- anthropology. --- apartheid. --- colonial period. --- colonialism. --- demographic studies. --- dissidents. --- epidemiology. --- ethnography. --- genocide. --- global aids crisis. --- global controversy. --- government and governing. --- health. --- hiv. --- human tragedy. --- johannesburg. --- medical anthropology. --- medical research. --- medical. --- mother to child transmission. --- political. --- politics. --- president thabo mbeki. --- questionable medical research. --- race theory. --- racial inequality. --- social history. --- south africa. --- south african history. --- viral theory.

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This deeply insightful ethnography explores the healing power of caring and intimacy in a small, closely bonded Apostolic congregation during Botswana's HIV/AIDS pandemic. Death in a Church of Life paints a vivid picture of how members of the Baitshepi Church make strenuous efforts to sustain loving relationships amid widespread illness and death. Over the course of long-term fieldwork, Frederick Klaits discovered Baitshepi's distinctly maternal ethos and the "spiritual" kinship embodied in the church's nurturing fellowship practice. Klaits shows that for Baitshepi members, Christian faith is a form of moral passion that counters practices of divination and witchcraft with redemptive hymn singing, prayer, and the use of therapeutic substances. An online audio annex makes available examples of the church members' preaching and song.

AIDS (Disease) - Patients - Pastoral counseling of - Botswana. --- AIDS (Disease) -- Patients -- Pastoral counseling of -- Botswana. --- AIDS (Disease) - Religious aspects - Christianity. --- AIDS (Disease) -- Religious aspects -- Christianity. --- Church work with the sick - Botswana. --- AIDS (Disease) --- Church work with the sick --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome --- HIV Infections --- Pastoral Care --- Religion and Medicine --- Social Support --- Christianity --- Religion and Psychology --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes --- Religion --- Social Environment --- Lentivirus Infections --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral --- Slow Virus Diseases --- Counseling --- Virus Diseases --- Retroviridae Infections --- Sociology --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Humanities --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Immune System Diseases --- Psychology, Applied --- RNA Virus Infections --- Diseases --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Social Sciences --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Philosophy & Religion --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Infections, RNA Virus --- Infection, RNA Virus --- RNA Virus Infection --- Virus Infection, RNA --- Virus Infections, RNA --- Applied Psychology --- Applied Psychologies --- Psychologies, Applied --- Diseases of Immune System --- Immune Diseases --- Immunological Diseases --- Immune Disorders --- Immune System Disorders --- Immunologic Diseases --- Disease, Immune --- Disease, Immune System --- Disease, Immunologic --- Disease, Immunological --- Disorder, Immune System --- Immune Disease --- Immune Disorder --- Immune System Disease --- Immune System Disorder --- Immunologic Disease --- Immunological Disease --- STDs --- STIs --- Sexually Transmitted Infections --- Venereal Diseases --- Disease, Sexually Transmitted --- Disease, Venereal --- Diseases, Sexually Transmitted --- Diseases, Venereal --- Infection, Sexually Transmitted --- Infections, Sexually Transmitted --- STI --- Sexually Transmitted Disease --- Sexually Transmitted Infection --- Transmitted Infection, Sexually --- Transmitted Infections, Sexually --- Venereal Disease --- Venereology --- Reproductive Tract Infections --- Psychologic Processes --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Psychological Processes --- Phenomena, Psychological --- Processes, Psychologic --- Processes, Psychological --- Psychological Phenomenas --- Psychological Processe --- General Social Development and Population --- Infections, Retroviridae --- Infections, Retrovirus --- XMRV Infection --- Xenotropic MuLV-related Virus Infection --- Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related Virus Infection --- Retrovirus Infections --- Infection, Retroviridae --- Infection, Retrovirus --- Infection, XMRV --- Infections, XMRV --- Retroviridae Infection --- Retrovirus Infection --- XMRV Infections --- Xenotropic MuLV related Virus Infection --- Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus related Virus Infection --- Viral Diseases --- Viral Infections --- Virus Infections --- Disease, Viral --- Disease, Virus --- Diseases, Viral --- Diseases, Virus --- Infection, Viral --- Infection, Virus --- Infections, Viral --- Infections, Virus --- Viral Disease --- Viral Infection --- Virus Disease --- Virus Infection --- Disease, Slow Virus --- Diseases, Slow Virus --- Slow Virus Disease --- Virus Disease, Slow --- Virus Diseases, Slow --- Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral --- Viral Sexually Transmitted Disease --- Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Viral Venereal Diseases --- Venereal Diseases, Viral --- Disease, Viral Venereal --- Diseases, Viral Venereal --- Venereal Disease, Viral --- Viral Venereal Disease --- Infections, Lentivirus --- Infection, Lentivirus --- Lentivirus Infection --- Environment, Social --- Social Ecology --- Social Context --- Context, Social --- Contexts, Social --- Ecologies, Social --- Ecology, Social --- Environments, Social --- Social Contexts --- Social Ecologies --- Social Environments --- Environment --- Prayer --- Religious Beliefs --- Religious Ethics --- Beliefs, Religious --- Ethic, Religious --- Prayers --- Religions --- Religious Belief --- Spiritual Therapies --- Secularism --- Deficiency Syndrome, Immunologic --- Deficiency Syndromes, Antibody --- Deficiency Syndromes, Immunologic --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome --- Immunological Deficiency Syndromes --- Antibody Deficiency Syndrome --- Antibody Deficiency Syndromes --- Deficiency Syndrome, Antibody --- Deficiency Syndrome, Immunological --- Deficiency Syndromes, Immunological --- Immunological Deficiency Syndrome --- Syndrome, Antibody Deficiency --- Syndrome, Immunologic Deficiency --- Syndrome, Immunological Deficiency --- Syndromes, Antibody Deficiency --- Syndromes, Immunologic Deficiency --- Syndromes, Immunological Deficiency --- Antibodies --- Psychology and Religion --- Psychology, Religion --- Religion, Psychology --- Christian Ethics --- Stigmata --- Christian Ethic --- Ethic, Christian --- Ethics, Christian --- Online Social Support --- Perceived Social Support --- Social Care --- Care, Social --- Online Social Supports --- Perceived Social Supports --- Social Support, Online --- Social Support, Perceived --- Social Supports, Online --- Social Supports, Perceived --- Support, Online Social --- Support, Perceived Social --- Support, Social --- Supports, Perceived Social --- Medicine and Religion --- Parish Nursing --- Pastoral Psychology --- Psychology, Pastoral --- Care, Pastoral --- HIV Coinfection --- HTLV-III Infections --- HTLV-III-LAV Infections --- T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infections, Human --- Coinfection, HIV --- Coinfections, HIV --- HIV Coinfections --- HIV Infection --- HTLV III Infections --- HTLV III LAV Infections --- HTLV-III Infection --- HTLV-III-LAV Infection --- Infection, HIV --- Infection, HTLV-III --- Infection, HTLV-III-LAV --- Infections, HIV --- Infections, HTLV-III --- Infections, HTLV-III-LAV --- T Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infections, Human --- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome --- Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome --- AIDS --- Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome --- Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes --- Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes, Acquired --- Immunodeficiency Syndromes, Acquired --- Syndrome, Acquired Immuno-Deficiency --- Syndrome, Acquired Immunodeficiency --- Syndromes, Acquired Immuno-Deficiency --- Syndromes, Acquired Immunodeficiency --- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes --- HIV-1 --- AIDS Arteritis, Central Nervous System --- Visiting the sick (Christianity) --- Sick --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- HIV infections --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Patients --- Pastoral counseling of --- Religious aspects --- deficiency --- psychology --- #SBIB:39A10 --- #SBIB:39A73 --- Religious aspects&delete& --- Antropologie: religie, riten, magie, hekserij --- Etnografie: Afrika --- Religiosity Coping --- Spiritual Coping --- Coping, Religiosity --- Coping, Spiritual --- Religiosity Copings --- aids crisis. --- aids. --- anthropology sociology. --- anthropology. --- apostolic congregation. --- baitshepi church. --- botswana. --- christian faith. --- christian nonfiction. --- christianity. --- church. --- discussion books. --- ethnographers. --- ethnography. --- faith and religion. --- fellowship. --- fieldwork. --- hiv. --- human relationships. --- hymns. --- illness and death. --- life and death. --- modern history. --- moral passion. --- power of god. --- power of prayer. --- prayer. --- preaching. --- spiritual kinship. --- spirituality and faith. --- therapeutic substances. --- Ethnography.